Requests高级用法
1.文件上传
我们知道requests可以模拟提交一些数据。假如有的网站需要上传文件，我们也可以用requests来实现。
import requests files = {'file': open('favicon.ico', 'rb')} res = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', files=files) print(res.text)
上一篇博客中，我们保存了一个favicon.ico文件，这次用它来模拟文件上传的过程。favicon.ico文件需要和当前脚本在同一目录下，运行结果如下：
{ "args": {}, "data": "", "files": { "file": "data:application/octet-stream;base64,AAABAAIAEBAAAAEAIAAoBQAAJgAAACAgAAABACAAKBQAAE4FAAA......AAAAAAA=" }, "form": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Content-Length": "6665", "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=f03eff231fa14cfbbd7ef2cd51bae3b6", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "json": null, "origin": "183.129.61.15, 183.129.61.15", "url": "https://httpbin.org/post" }
以上在files字段中省略了部分内容，这个网站会返回响应，里面包含files字段，而form字段为空，这说明文件上传会使用单独的字段来标识。
2.Cookies
先用一个示例查看获取Cookies的过程：
# 获取Cookies res = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com') print(res.cookies) for k, v in res.cookies.items(): print(k + ":" + v)
结果如下：
<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]> BDORZ:27315
这里调用cookies属性即可获取到Cookies，可以发现它是一个RequestsCookieJar类型，使用items（）方法将其转化为元祖组成的列表，遍历输出每一个Cookies的名称和值，实现Cookies的遍历解析。
当然，我们也可以使用Cookies来维持登陆状态，下面以百度个人中心为例。首先登录百度个人中心，将Headers中的Cookies内容复制下来：
可以替换成 你自己的Cookie,将其设置到Headers里面，然后在发送请求：
# 设置cookie，发送请求 headers = { 'Cookie': 'BIDUPSID=EDBD62A1D608B5CDC72B06CA0C59680A; PSTM=1546959880; BDUSS=BCSHh3OVMtTW5XUnB6SEF4UFExUFhPRUc5Ty1sV' 'FRkRERvRWZ3bE9sWlN2Y0ZjQVFBQJCQAAAAAAAAAAAEAAABW7900TGltaXTSwcrW1drM7AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA' 'AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFIwmlxSMJpcV3; MCITY=-340%3A; BAIDUID=5C140375092D783C088CEA7282B89772' ':FG=1; delPer=0; PSINO=5; BDRCVFR[bLbo9QmdyQn]=aeXf-1x8UdYcs; BDORZ=FFFB88E999055A3F8A630C64834BD6D0; ' 'H_PS_PSSID=1427_21108_29064_28519_29099_28831_28585_22157; PHPSESSID=63vpocfpukn41u0h1nolsluq95; ' 'Hm_lvt_4010fd5075fcfe46a16ec4cb65e02f04=1558949858; Hm_lpvt_4010fd5075fcfe46a16ec4cb65e02f04=1558949858', 'Host':'i.baidu.com' } res = requests.get('http://i.baidu.com/', headers=headers) print(res.text)
结果如下：
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<!-- <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no" /> -->
<title>百度个人中心——您在百度的家</title>
<meta name="description" content="百度个人中心是百度用户管理个性化信息的平台，在这里，您可以体验贴吧的交流、知道的解答、百科的全面、空间的个性、云盘的强大……感受百度为您带来的方便、快捷与乐趣。">
<meta name="keywords" content="个人中心,个人主页,个人帐号,个人空间">
<!--[if lt IE 7]>
<script>
window.location.href = 'http://i.baidu.com/static/ieup/index.html';
</script>
<![endif]-->
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="http://www.baidu.com/favicon.ico" />
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<script>
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})();
window.GLOBAL = {"token":"5307adbc3a64a28464950c46be298366"};
GLOBAL['apps'] = {
open: [
'video',
'nuomi',
'lvyou',
'zhidao',
'baifubao',
'koubei'
]
};
GLOBAL['feRoot'] = 'http://uc-vs.bdimg.com/v4/20181107x2';
</script>
</head>
<body class="result-op">
<div class="main-wrap">
<header data-click='{"mod":"header"}'>
<div class="header-stackup" data-scroll-reveal="enter from the top over 0.66s">
<div class="ibx-container row clr">
<a href="/" target="_self" class="header-logo header-logo-index"></a>
<div class="header-tool header-tool-user">
<a class="header-tu-img header-tool-user-nick" href="javascript:;" />
Limit伊手遮天
</a>
<div class="header-tc-content">
<span class="header-tc-ct-bg"></span>
<ul class="header-user-menu-list">
<li class="header-user-menu-item">
<a data-click='{"act":"h_history"}' href="/my/history">
搜索记录
</a>
</li>
<li class="header-user-menu-item">
<a data-click='{"act":"h_cal"}' href="/my/cal">
我的日历
</a>
</li>
<li class="header-user-menu-item">
<a data-click='{"act":"h_favorite"}' href="/my/collect">
我的收藏
</a>
</li>
<li class="header-user-menu-item">
<a data-click='{"act":"h_jubao"}' href="/my/jubao">
我的举报
</a>
</li>
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<a data-click='{"act":"h_hb"}' target="_blank" href="https://www.baifubao.com/user/0/my_bfb/0">
我的钱包
</a>
</li>
</ul>
<a class="header-tuc-logout" href="http://passport.baidu.com/?logout&u=http://i.baidu.com/welcome/">退出帐号</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="header-tool header-tool-config">
<a href="/my/allconf/#newsconf" class="header-tool-conf-link">设置</a>
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<span class="header-tc-ct-bg"></span>
<a class="header-tcc-account" target="_blank" href="http://passport.baidu.com/center">帐号设置</a>
<a class="header-tcc-search" href="/my/allconf/#newsconf">消息设置</a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="header-tool header-tool-cal">
<a data-click='{"act":"cal_click"}' href="/my/cal" class="header-tool-cal-link">
日历
</a>
<span class="header-tool-cal-bg"></span>
<div class="header-tc-content">
<span class="header-tc-ct-bg"></span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="header-tool header-tool-news">
<a href="/msg/messages/list/" class="header-tool-news-num">消息</a>
<div class="header-tc-content">
<span class="header-tc-ct-bg"></span>
<div class="news-header">数据加载中。。。</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="header-tool header-tool-ps">
<a href="https://www.baidu.com" target="_blank"/>百度首页</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<section data-scroll-reveal="enter from the top over 0.66s" class="header-app ibx-container" data-click='{"mod":"header"}'>
<ul class="ibx-header-app clr">
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<div class="ibx-hai-title ibx-hai-tool">工具</div>
</li>
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<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"sousuo"}' target="_blank" href="http://www.baidu.com?fr=ibaidu">搜索</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a href="/my/collect">收藏</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"wangpan"}' target="_blank" href="http://pan.baidu.com/disk/home?fr=ibaidu">云盘</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a href="/my/cal">日历</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"yingyin"}' target="_blank" href="http://player.baidu.com/yingyin.html">影音</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"fanyi"}' target="_blank" href="http://fanyi.baidu.com?fr=ibaidu">翻译</a></span>
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<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<div class="ibx-hai-space"></div>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<div class="ibx-hai-title ibx-hai-sns">社区</div>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"tieba"}' target="_blank" href="http://tieba.baidu.com/home/main?un=Limit伊手遮天&fr=ibaidu&ie=utf-8">贴吧</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"baike"}' target="_blank" href="http://baike.baidu.com/usercenter?fr=ibaidu">百科</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"zhidao"}' target="_blank" href="http://zhidao.baidu.com/uhome?fr=ibaidu">知道</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"wenku"}' target="_blank" href="http://wenku.baidu.com/user/index?fr=ibaidu">文库</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"jingyan"}' target="_blank" href="http://jingyan.baidu.com/user/nuc">经验</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<div class="ibx-hai-space"></div>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<div class="ibx-hai-title ibx-hai-life">生活</div>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"ditu"}' target="_blank" href="http://map.baidu.com?fr=ibaidu">地图</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"licai"}' target="_blank" href="https://licai.baidu.com/user/0/center/0?fr=ibaidu">理财</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"tuangou"}' target="_blank" href="http://www.nuomi.com/?cid=002544&fr=ibaidu">团购</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"baifubao"}' target="_blank" href="http://baifubao.baidu.com/jump?uri=/user/0/my_bfb/0&fr=ibaidu">钱包</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"lvyou"}' target="_blank" href="http://lvyou.baidu.com/user/?fr=ibaidu">旅游</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"education"}' target="_blank" href="http://www.chuanke.com/?fr=ibaidu">教育</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"waimai"}' target="_blank" href="http://waimai.baidu.com/waimai?qt=find&fr=ibaidu">外卖</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<div class="ibx-hai-space"></div>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<div class="ibx-hai-title ibx-hai-fun">娱乐</div>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"news"}' target="_blank" href="http://news.baidu.com?fr=ibaidu">新闻</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"games"}' target="_blank" href="http://youxi.baidu.com/my_game_center.xhtml?fr=ibaidu">游戏</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"video"}' target="_blank" href="http://v.baidu.com/user/?fr=ibaidu">视频</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"music"}' target="_blank" href="http://play.baidu.com/?fr=ibaidu">音乐</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<div class="ibx-hai-space"></div>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<div class="ibx-hai-title ibx-hai-v">诚信</div>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"baozhang"}' target="_blank" href="http://baozhang.baidu.com/guarantee?fr=ibaidu">网民权益保障</a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"koubei"}' target="_blank" href="http://koubei.baidu.com/truth/wall">口碑</a></span>
</li>
<li class="ibx-header-app-item">
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a href="javascript:;"> </a></span>
<span class="ibx-hai-link"><a data-click='{"act":"jubao"}' href="/my/jubao">举报</a></span>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<main class="ibx-container row">
<div data-scroll-reveal class="row user-panel">
<div class="col span_5_1">
<div id="ibx-uc" data-click='{"mod":"uc"}'>
<div class="ibx-inner">
<div class="ibx-uc-uimg">
<div class="ibx-uc-uimg-mask">
<a data-click='{"act":"uc_set"}' class="ibx-uc-ulink" target="_blank" href="http://www.baidu.com/p/setting/profile/portrait">更换头像</a>
</div>
<img class="ibx-uc-img" src="http://himg.bdimg.com/sys/portrait/item/56ef4c696d6974e4bc8ae6898be981aee5a4a9dd34.jpg" />
</div>
<div class="ibx-uc-unick">
<a data-click='{"act":"uc_name"}' target="_blank" href="http://www.baidu.com/p/setting/profile/basic" class="ibx-uc-nick">Limit伊手遮天</a>
</div>
<div class="ibx-uc-utool">
<span class="ibx-uc-utool-cover"></span>
<span class="ibx-uc-utool-cover ibx-uc-utool-cover-mask"></span>
<div class="ibx-uc-utool-title">认证 :</div>
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<a data-click='{"act":"icon_mobile"}' class="ibx-uc-utool-mobile current"
target="_blank" href="http://passport.baidu.com/center" data-title="绑定手机">
</a>
<a data-click='{"act":"icon_email"}' class="ibx-uc-utool-envelope current" target="_blank" href="http://passport.baidu.com/center" data-title="绑定邮箱">
</a>
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<div class="ibx-uc-uop-item first">
<a data-click='{"act":"uc_dingdan"}' target="_blank" href="http://dingdan.baidu.com/my/order/" title="订单中心">
订单中心
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帐户设置
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</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col span_5_4">
<div id="ibx-cal" data-click='{"mod":"cal"}'>
<div class="ibx-inner" id="ibx-cal-content">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-scroll-reveal class="row card-panel" data-click='{"mod": "card_video"}'>
<span class="rule-wrap"><a id="video" name="video" class="rule"></a></span>
<div class="col span_4_4">
<div class="ibx-even">
<div class="ibx-inner" id="ibx-mod-video">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-scroll-reveal class="row card-panel" data-click='{"mod": "card_nuomi"}'>
<span class="rule-wrap"><a id="nuomi" name="nuomi" class="rule"></a></span>
<div class="col span_4_4">
<div class="ibx-even">
<div class="ibx-inner" id="ibx-mod-nuomi">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-scroll-reveal class="row card-panel" data-click='{"mod": "card_lvyou"}'>
<span class="rule-wrap"><a id="lvyou" name="lvyou" class="rule"></a></span>
<div class="col span_4_4">
<div class="ibx-even">
<div class="ibx-inner" id="ibx-mod-lvyou">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row card-panel">
<div data-scroll-reveal class="col span_4_2" data-click='{"mod": "card_zhidao"}'>
<span class="rule-wrap"><a id="zhidao" name="zhidao" class="rule"></a></span>
<div class="ibx-odd">
<div id="ibx-mod-zhidao" class="ibx-inner ibx-mod-zhidao">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-scroll-reveal class="col span_4_2" data-click='{"mod": "card_baifubao"}'>
<span class="rule-wrap"><a id="baifubao" name="baifubao" class="rule"></a></span>
<div class="ibx-odd">
<div id="ibx-mod-baifubao" class="ibx-inner ibx-mod-baifubao">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-scroll-reveal class="col span_4_2" data-click='{"mod": "card_koubei"}'>
<span class="rule-wrap"><a id="koubei" name="koubei" class="rule"></a></span>
<div class="ibx-odd">
<div id="ibx-mod-koubei" class="ibx-inner ibx-mod-koubei">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div data-scroll-reveal class="col span_4_2 OP_LOG_LINK" data-click='{"mod":"card_mgr","act":"msg_click"}'>
<div class="ibx-even editCard">
<div class="ibx-inner editCard-inner">
<div class="editCard-inner-add"></div>
<div class="editCard-inner-tip">添加卡片</div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="ibx-advice-ctx">意见反馈</div>
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<div data-click='{"mod":"card_mgr","act":"msg_click"}' class="ibx-manage">
<a class="ibx-manage-logo" href="javascript:;"></a>
<div class="ibx-manage-ctx OP_LOG_OTHERS">卡片管理</div>
</div>
<div class="back-to-top-wrap" data-click='{"mod":"back-to-top","act":"back-to-top-link"' >
<a class="back-to-top" href="javascript:;"></a>
</div>
<div class="ibx-card-manage" data-click='{"mod":"card_mgr"}'>
<div class="ibx-cm-mask"></div>
<div class="ibx-cm-main">
<div class="ibx-cm-main-title clr">
<div class="ibx-cm-main-title-ctx">卡片管理</div>
<a href="javascript:;" class="ibx-cm-main-close" title="关闭"></a>
</div>
<div class="ibx-cm-main-add">
<div class="ibx-cm-main-add-ctx">
<span class="ibx-cm-main-adding-ctx">可添加</span>
</div>
<ul class="ibx-cmm-add-list">
<li class="ibx-cmm-add-item default">
无可添加卡片
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="ibx-cm-main-added">
<div class="ibx-cm-main-add-ctx">
<span class="ibx-cm-main-added-ctx">已添加</span>
</div>
<ul class="ibx-cmm-add-list">
<li data-click='{"act":"set_video"}' class="ibx-cmm-add-item ibx-card-video" data-type="video">
</li>
<li data-click='{"act":"set_nuomi"}' class="ibx-cmm-add-item ibx-card-nuomi" data-type="nuomi">
</li>
<li data-click='{"act":"set_lvyou"}' class="ibx-cmm-add-item ibx-card-lvyou" data-type="lvyou">
</li>
<li data-click='{"act":"set_zhidao"}' class="ibx-cmm-add-item ibx-card-zhidao" data-type="zhidao">
</li>
<li data-click='{"act":"set_baifubao"}' class="ibx-cmm-add-item ibx-card-baifubao" data-type="baifubao">
</li>
<li data-click='{"act":"set_koubei"}' class="ibx-cmm-add-item ibx-card-koubei" data-type="koubei">
</li>
<li class="ibx-cmm-add-item default">
无已添加卡片
</li>
</ul>
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{
'name': 'saber-emitter',
'location': '../dep/saber-emitter/0.3.0/asset',
'main': 'emitter'
},
{
'name': 'hogan',
'location': '../dep/hogan/2.0.0',
'main': 'hogan'
},
{
'name': 'zxui',
'location': '../dep/zxui/0.4.8/asset/ui',
'main': 'Control'
},
{
'name': 'zrender',
'location': '../dep/zrender/1.0.6/asset',
'main': 'zrender'
},
{
'name': 'echarts',
'location': '../dep/echarts/1.2.1/asset',
'main': 'echarts'
},
{
"name": "scrollReveal",
"location": "../dep/scrollReveal/0.1.1/dist",
"main": "scrollReveal"
},
{
"name": "json2",
"location": "../dep/json2/1.0.0/asset",
"main": "json2"
},
{
'name': 'muplayer',
'location': '../dep/muplayer/0.9.1/dist',
'main': 'player'
},
{
'name': 'moment',
'location': '../dep/moment/2.0.1/asset',
'main': 'moment'
},
{
'name': 'video',
'location': './home/video',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'picture',
'location': './home/picture',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'music',
'location': './home/music',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'tieba',
'location': './home/tieba',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'history',
'location': './home/history',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'yun',
'location': './home/yun',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'zhidao',
'location': './home/zhidao',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'baifubao',
'location': './home/baifubao',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'koubei',
'location': './home/koubei',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'lvyou',
'location': './home/lvyou',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'chuanke',
'location': './home/chuanke',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'nuomi',
'location': './home/nuomi',
'main': 'main'
},
{
'name': 'xinwen',
'location': './home/xinwen',
'main': 'main'
}
]
});
require(['jquery', 'home/main', 'zxui/log'], function ($, home, log) {
log.config({
action: 'http://i.baidu.com/static/v.gif?',
data: {
ppid: '886959958'
}
});
$(document).ready(function () {
home.init();
$('.ibx-advice').click(function() {
if (window.bds && bds.qa && bds.qa.ShortCut) {
bds.qa.ShortCut.initRightBar();
}
else {
$.getScript('http://f3.baidu.com/index.php/feedback/zx/loadfeedback?pid=21', function() {
bds.qa.ShortCut.initRightBar();
});
};
});
log.start();
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
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