总所周知,BatchNormalization通过对数据分布进行归一化处理,从而使得网络的训练能够快速并简单,在一定程度上还能防止网络的过拟合,通过仔细看过Caffe的源码实现后发现,Caffe是通过BN层和Scale层来完整的实现整个过程的。

谈谈理论与公式推导

那么再开始前,先进行必要的公式说明:定义\(L\)为网络的损失函数,BN层的输出为\(y\),根据反向传播目前已知 \(\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_i}\),其中:

\[y_i = \frac{x_i-\overline{x}}{\sqrt{\delta^2+\epsilon}},\quad\overline x = \frac{1}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}x_i,\quad \delta^2 = \frac{1}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}(x_i-\overline x)^2,\quad 求\frac{\partial L}{\partial x_i}
\]

推导的过程中应用了链式法则:

\[\frac{\partial L}{\partial x_i} = \sum_{j=1}^{m}{\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_j}*\frac{\partial y_j}{\partial x_i}}
\]

则只需要着重讨论公式 \(\frac{\partial y_j}{\partial x_i}\)

分布探讨:

(1) \(\overline x\)\(x_i\)的导函数

\[\frac{\partial \overline x}{\partial x_i} = \frac{1}{m}
\]

(2) \(\delta^2\)\(x_i\)的导函数

\[\frac{\partial \delta^2}{\partial x_i} = \frac{1}{m}(\sum_{j=1}^{m}2*(x_j-\overline x)*(-\frac{1}{m}))+2(x_i-\overline x)
\]

由于 \(\sum_{j=1}^{m}2*(x_j-\overline x) = 2* \sum_{i=1}^{m}x_i - n*\overline x = 0\)

所以: \(\frac{\partial \delta^2}{\partial x_i} = \frac{2}{m}*(x_i-\overline x)\)

具体推导:

\[\frac{\partial y_j}{\partial x_i} = \frac{\partial{\frac{x_j -\overline x}{\sqrt{\delta^2+\epsilon}}}}{\partial x_i}
\]

此处当\(j\)等于\(i\)成立时时,分子求导多一个 \(x_i\)的导数

\[\frac{\partial y_j}{\partial x_i} = -\frac{1}{m}(\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-1/2}-\frac{1}{m}(\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-3/2}(x_i-\overline x)(x_j - \overline x)\quad\quad i \neq j
\]

\[\frac{\partial y_j}{\partial x_i} = (1-\frac{1}{m})(\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-1/2}-\frac{1}{m}(\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-3/2}(x_i-\overline x)(x_j - \overline x)\quad\quad i = j
\]

根据上式子,我们代入链式法则的式子

\[\frac{\partial L}{\partial x_i} = \frac{\partial L}{\partial y_i}*(\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-1/2} + \sum_{j=1}^{m}\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_j}*(-\frac{1}{m}(\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-1/2}-\frac{1}{m}(\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-3/2}(x_i-\overline x)(x_j-\overline x))
\]

我们提出 \((\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-1/2}:\)

\[\frac{\partial L}{\partial x_i} = (\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-1/2}(\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_i}- \sum_{j=1}^{m}\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_j}\frac{1}{m}-\sum_{j=1}^{m}\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_j}\frac{1}{m}(\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-1}(x_i-\overline x)(x_j-\overline x))
\\
=(\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-1/2}(\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_i}- \sum_{j=1}^{m}\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_j}\frac{1}{m}-\sum_{j=1}^{m}\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_j}\frac{1}{m}y_jy_i \\
=(\delta^2+\epsilon)^{-1/2}(\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_i}- \frac{1}{m}\sum_{j=1}^{m}\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_j}-\frac{1}{m}y_i\sum_{j=1}^{m}\frac{\partial L}{\partial y_j}y_j)\]

至此,我们可以对应到caffe的具体实现部分

  // if Y = (X-mean(X))/(sqrt(var(X)+eps)), then
 //
 // dE(Y)/dX =
 //   (dE/dY - mean(dE/dY) - mean(dE/dY \cdot Y) \cdot Y)
 //     ./ sqrt(var(X) + eps)
 //
 // where \cdot and ./ are hadamard product and elementwise division,

谈谈具体的源码实现

知道了BN层的公式与原理,接下来就是具体的源码解析,由于考虑到的情况比较多,所以\(Caffe\)中的BN的代码实际上不是那么的好理解,需要理解,BN的归一化是如何归一化的:
HW的归一化,求出NC个均值与方差,然后N个均值与方差求出一个均值与方差的Vector,size为C,即相同通道的一个mini_batch的样本求出一个mean和variance

成员变量

BN层的成员变量比较多,由于在bn的实现中,需要记录mean_,variance_,归一化的值,同时根据训练和测试实现也有所差异。

  Blob<Dtype> mean_,variance_,temp_,x_norm; //temp_保存(x-mean_x)^2
  bool use_global_stats_;//标注训练与测试阶段
  Dtype moving_average_fraction_;
  int channels_;
  Dtype eps_; // 防止分母为0

  // 中间变量,理解了BN的具体过程即可明了为什么需要这些
  Blob<Dtype> batch_sum_multiplier_; // 长度为N*1,全为1,用以求和
  Blob<Dtype> num_by_chans_; // 临时保存H*W的结果,length为N*C
  Blob<Dtype> spatial_sum_multiplier_; // 统计HW的均值方差使用

成员函数

成员函数主要也是LayerSetUp,Reshape,Forward和Backward,下面是具体的实现:

LayerSetUp,层次的建立,相应数据的读取

//LayerSetUp函数的具体实现
template <typename Dtype>
void LayerSetUp(const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom,
  const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top){
    // 参见proto中添加的BatchNormLayer
    BathcNormParameter param = this->layer_param_.batch_norm_param();
    moving_average_fraction_ = param.moving_average_fraction();//默认0.99

    //这里有点多余,好处是防止在测试的时候忘写了use_global_stats时默认true
    use_global_stats_ = this->phase_ == TEST;
    if (param.has_use_global_stat()) {
       use_global_stats_ = param.use_global_stats();
    }

    if (bottom[0]->num_axes() == 1) { //这里基本看不到为什么.....???
       channels_  = 1;
    }
    else{ // 基本走下面的通道,因为输入是NCHW
      channels_ = bottom[0]->shape(1);
    }
    eps_ = param.eps(); // 默认1e-5
    if (this->blobs_.size() > 0) {  // 测试的时候有值了,保存了均值方差和系数
      //保存mean,variance,
    }
    else{
      // BN层的内部参数的初始化
      this->blobs_.resize(3); // 均值滑动,方差滑动,滑动系数
      vector<int>sz;
      sz.push_back(channels_);
      this->blobs_[0].reset(new Blob<Dtype>(sz)); // C
      this->blobs_[1].reset(new Blob<Dtype>(sz)); // C
      sz[0] = 1;
      this->blobs_[2].reset(new Blob<Dtype>(sz)); // 1
      for (size_t i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
         caffe_set(this->blobs_[i]->count(),Dtype(0),
                   this->blobs_[i]->mutable_cpu_data());
      }
    }
  }

Reshape,根据BN层在网络的位置,调整bottom和top的shape

Reshape层主要是完成中间变量的值,由于是按照通道求取均值和方差,而CaffeBlob是NCHW,因此先求取了HW,后根据BatchN求最后的输出C,因此有了中间的batch_sum_multiplier_和spatial_sum_multiplier_以及num_by_chans_其中num_by_chans_与前两者不想同,前两者为方便计算,初始为1,而num_by_chans_为中间过渡

template <typename Dtype>
void BatchNormLayer<Dtype>::Reshape(const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom,
    const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top) {
    if (bottom[0]->num_axes() >= 1) {
      CHECK_EQ(bottom[0]->shape(1),channels_);
    }
    top[0]->ReshapeLike(*bottom[0]); // Reshape(bottom[0]->shape());
    vector<int>sz;
    sz.push_back(channels_);
    mean_.Reshape(sz);
    variance_.Reshape(sz);
    temp_.ReshapeLike(*bottom[0]);
    x_norm_.ReshapeLike(*bottom[0]);
    sz[0] = bottom[0]->shape(0); //N
    // 后续会初始化为1,为求Nbatch的均值和方差
    batch_sum_multiplier_.Reshape(sz);
    caffe_set(batch_sum_multiplier_.count(),Dtype(1),
              batch_sum_multiplier_.mutable_cpu_data());

    int spatial_dim = bottom[0]->count(2);//H*W
    if (spatial_sum_multiplier_.num_axes() == 0 ||
      spatial_sum_multiplier_.shape(0) != spatial_dim) {
      sz[0] = spatial_dim;
      spatial_sum_multiplier_.Reshape(sz); //初始化1,方便求和
      caffe_set(spatial_sum_multiplier_.count(),Dtype(1)
              spatial_sum_multiplier_.mutable_cpu_data());
    }

    // N*C,保存H*W后的结果,会在计算中结合data与spatial_dim求出
    int numbychans = channels_*bottom[0]->shape(0);
    if (num_by_chans_.num_axes() == 0 ||
        num_by_chans_.shape(0) != numbychans) {
        sz[0] = numbychans;
        num_by_chans_.Reshape(sz);
    }
  }

Forward 前向计算

前向计算,根据公式完成前计算,x_norm与top相同,均为归一化的值

template <typename Dtype>
void BatchNormLayer<Dtype>::Forward_cpu(const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom,
      const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top) {
      // 想要完成前向计算,必须计算相应的均值与方差,此处的均值与方差均为向量的形式c

      const Dtype* bottom_data = bottom[0]->cpu_data();
      Dtype* top_data = top[0]->mutable_cpu_data();
      int num = bottom[0]->shape(0);// N
      int spatial_dim = bottom[0]->count(2); //H*W
      if (bottom[0] != top[0]) {
        caffe_copy(top[0]->count(),bottom_data,top_data);//先复制一下
      }

      if (use_global_stats_) { // 测试阶段,使用全局的均值
        const Dtype scale_factory = this_->blobs_[2]->cpu_data()[0] == 0?
          0:1/this->blobs_[2]->cpu_data()[0];
        // 直接载入训练的数据 alpha*x = y
        caffe_cpu_scale(mean_.count(),scale_factory,
          this_blobs_[0]->cpu_data(),mean_.mutable_cpu_data());
        caffe_cpu_scale(variance_.count(),scale_factory,
          this_blobs_[1]->cpu_data(),variance_.mutable_cpu_data());
      }
      else{ //训练阶段  compute mean
        //1.计算均值,先计算HW的,在包含N
        // caffe_cpu_gemv 实现 y =  alpha*A*x+beta*y;
        // 输出的是channels_*num,
        //每次处理的列是spatial_dim,由于spatial_sum_multiplier_初始为1,即NCHW中的
        // H*W各自相加,得到N*C*average,此处多除以了num,下一步可以不除以
        caffe_cpu_gemv<Dtype>(CBlasNoTrans,channels_*num,spatial_dim,
          1./(spatial_dim*num),bottom_data,spatial_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data()
          ,0.,num_by_chans_.mutable_cpu_data());

        //2.计算均值,计算N各的平均值.
        // 由于输出的是channels个均值,因此需要转置
        // 上一步得到的N*C的均值,再按照num求均值,因为batch_sum全部为1,
        caffe_cpu_gemv<Dtype>(CBlasTrans,num,channels_,1,
          num_by_chans_.cpu_data(),batch_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),
          0,mean_.mutable_cpu_data());
      }
      // 此处的均值已经保存在mean_中了
      // 进行 x - mean_x 操作,需要注意按照通道,即先确定x属于哪个通道.
      // 因此也是进行两种,先进行H*W的减少均值
      // caffe_cpu_gemm 实现alpha * A*B + beta* C
      // 输入是num*1 * 1* channels_,输出是num*channels_
      caffe_cpu_gemm<Dtype>(CBlasNoTrans,CBlasNoTrans,num,channels_,1,1,
        batch_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),mean_.cpu_data(),0,
        num_by_chans_.mutable_cpu_data());

      //同上,输入是num*channels_*1 * 1* spatial = NCHW
      // top_data = top_data - mean;
      caffe_cpu_gemm<Dtype>(CBlasNoTrans,CBlasNoTrans,num*channels_,
        spatial_dim,1,-1,num_by_chans_.cpu_data(),
        spatial_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),1, top_data());

      // 解决完均值问题,接下来就是解决方差问题
      if (use_global_stats_) { // 测试的方差上述已经读取了
          // compute variance using var(X) = E((X-EX)^2)
          // 此处的top已经为x-mean_x了
          caffe_powx(top[0]->count(),top_data,Dtype(2),
            temp_.mutable_cpu_data());//temp_保存(x-mean_x)^2

          // 同均值一样,此处先计算spatial_dim的值
          caffe_cpu_gemv<Dtype>(CblasNoTrans,num*channels_,spatial_dim,
            1./(num*spatial_dim),temp_.cpu_data(),
            spatial_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),0,
            num_by_chans_.mutable_cpu_data();
          )
          caffe_cpu_gemv<Dtype>(CBlasTrans,num,channels_,1.,
            num_by_chans_.cpu_data(),batch_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),
            0,variance_.mutable_cpu_data());// E((X_EX)^2)

          //均值和方差计算完成后,需要更新batch的滑动系数
          this->blobs_[2]->mutable_cpu_data()[0] *= moving_average_fraction_;
          this->blobs_[2]->mutable_cpu_data()[0] += 1;
          caffe_cpu_axpby(mean_.count(),Dtype(1),mean_.cpu_data(),
            moving_average_fraction_,this->blobs_[0]->mutable_cpu_data());

          int m = bottom[0]->count()/channels_;
          Dtype bias_correction_factor = m > 1? Dtype(m)/(m-1):1;
          caffe_cpu_axpby(variance_.count(),bias_correction_factor,
            variance_.cpu_data(),moving_average_fraction_,
            this->blobs_[1]->mutable_cpu_data());
      }

      // 方差求个根号,加上eps为防止分母为0
      caffe_add_scalar(variance_.count(),eps_,variance_.mutable_cpu_data());
      caffe_powx(variance_.count(),variance_.cpu_data(),Dtype(0.5),
                variance_.mutable_cpu_data());

     // top_data = x-mean_x/sqrt(variance_),此处的top_data已经转化为x-mean_x了
     // 同减均值,也要分C--N*C和  N*C --- N*C*H*W
     // N*1 *  1*C == N*C
     caffe_cpu_gemm<Dtype>(CBlasNoTrans,CBlasNoTrans,num,channels_,1,1,
          batch_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),variance_.cpu_data(),0,
          num_by_chans_.mutable_cpu_data());
    // NC*1 * 1* spatial_dim = NCHW
     caffe_cpu_gemm<Dtype>(CBlasNoTrans,CBlasNoTrans,num*channels_,spatial_dim,
        1, 1.,num_by_chans_.cpu_data(),spatial_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(), 0,
        temp_.mutable_cpu_data());
    // temp最终保存的是sqrt(方差+eps)
     caffe_cpu_div(top[0].count(),top_data,temp_.cpu_data(),top_data);
  }

整个forward过程按照x-mean/variance的过程进行,包含了求mean和variance,他们都是C*1的向量,然后输入的是NCHW,因此通过了gemm操作做广播填充到整个featuremap然后完成减mean和除以方差的操作。同时需要注意caffe的inplace操作,所以用x_norm保存原始的top值,后续修改也不会影响它。

Backward过程,根据梯度,反向计算

Backward过程会根据前面所推导的公式进行计算,具体的实现如下面所示.

template <typename Dtype>
void BatchNormLayer<Dtype>::Backward_cpu(const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& top,
     const vector<bool>& propagate_down,const vector<Blob<Dtype>*>& bottom) {
     const Dtype* top_diff;
     if (bottom[0] != top[0]) { // 判断是否同名
         top_diff = top[0]->cpu_diff();
     }
     else{
         caffe_copy(x_norm_.count(),top[0]->cpu_diff(),x_norm_.mutable_cpu_diff());
         top_diff = x_norm_.cpu_diff();
     }
     Dtype* bottom_diff = bottom[0]->mutable_cpu_diff();
     if (use_global_stats_) { // 测试阶段
         caffe_div(temp_.count(),top_diff,temp_.cpu_data(),bottom_diff);
         return ; // 测试阶段不需要计算梯度。
     }
     const Dtype* top_data = x_norm_.cpu_data();
     int num = bottom[0]->shape(0); //n
     int spatial_dim = bottom[0]->count(2); // H*W

     // 根据推导的公式开始具体计算。
     // dE(Y)/dX =
     //   (top_diff- mean(top_diff) - mean(top_diff \cdot Y) \cdot Y)
     //     ./ sqrt(var(X) + eps)

     // sum(top_diff \cdot Y) ,y为x_norm_ NCHW,求取的均先求C通道的均值
     caffe_mul(temp_.count(),top_data,top_diff,bottom_diff);
     //NC*HW* HW*1 =  NC*1
     caffe_cpu_gemv<Dtype>(CblasNoTrans,channels_*num,spatial_dim,1.,
        bottom_diff,spatial_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),0,
        num_by_chans_.mutable_cpu_data());
     // (NC)^T*1 * N*1 =  C*1
     caffe_cpu_gemv<Dtype>(CBlasTrans,num,channels_,1.,
        num_by_chans_.cpu_data(),batch_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),
        0,mean_.mutable_cpu_data());

    //reshape broadcast
    // N*1  * 1* C = N* C
    caffe_cpu_gemm<Dtype>(CblasNoTrans,CblasNoTrans,num,channels_,1,1,
        batch_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),mean_.cpu_data(),0,
        num_by_chans_.mutable_cpu_data());
    // N*C *1  * 1* HW =  NC* HW
    caffe_cpu_gemm<Dtype>(CblasNoTrans,CblasNoTrans,num*channels_,spatial_dim,
        1,1.,num_by_chans_.cpu_data(),spatial_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),0,
        bottom_diff);
    //相当与 sum (DE/DY .\cdot Y)

    // sum(dE/dY \cdot Y) \cdot Y
    caffe_mul(temp_.count(), top_data, bottom_diff, bottom_diff);

    // 完成了右边一个部分,还有前面的 sum(DE/DY)和DE/DY
    // 再完成sum(DE/DY)
    caffe_cpu_gemv<Dtype>(CblasNoTrans,channels_*num,spatial_dim,1,
        top_diff,spatial_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),0.,
        num_by_chans_.mutable_cpu_data());
    caffe_cpu_gemv<Dtype>(CBlasTrans,num,channels_,1.,
        num_by_chans_.cpu_data(),batch_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),0,
        mean_.mutable_cpu_data());
    //reshape broadcast
    caffe_cpu_gemm<Dtype>(CblasNoTrans,CblasNoTrans,num,channels_,1,
        1,batch_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),mean_.cpu_data(),0,
        num_by_chans_.mutable_cpu_data());
    // 现在完成了sum(DE/DY)+y*sum(DE/DY.\cdot y)
    caffe_cpu_gemm<Dtype>(CblasNoTrans,CblasNoTrans,num*channels_,spatial_dim,
        1,1.,num_by_chans_.cpu_data(),spatial_sum_multiplier_.cpu_data(),1,
        bottom_diff);

    //top_diff - 1/m * (sum(DE/DY)+y*sum(DE/DY.\cdot y))
    caffe_cpu_axpby(bottom[0]->count(),Dtype(1),top_diff,
        Dtype(-1/(num*spatial_dim)),bottom_diff);

    // 前面还有常数项 variance_+eps
    caffe_div(temp_.count(),bottom_diff,temp_.cpu_data(),bottom_diff);
}

backward的过程也是先求出通道的值,然后广播到整个feature_map,来回两次,然后调用axpby完成 top_diff - 1/m* (sum(top_diff)+ysum(top_diffy)))这里的y针对通道进行。

本文作者: 张峰
本文链接:http://www.enjoyai.site/2017/11/06/
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