1、安装需要依赖的软件包， yum-util 提供yum-config-manager功能、另外两个是devicemapper驱动依赖的 。
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
Loaded plugins: langpacks, ulninfo
Resolving Dependencies

2、设置yum源
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum-config-manager --add-repo https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
Loaded plugins: langpacks
adding repo from: https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
grabbing file https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo to /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
repo saved to /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ll
total 12
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2424 Oct 19 2019 docker-ce.repo
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 6282 Aug 2 2017 public-yum-ol7.repo

3、可以查看所有仓库中所有docker版本，并选择特定版本安装
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum list docker-ce --showduplicates | sort -r
Loaded plugins: langpacks, ulninfo
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.9-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.8-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.7-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.6-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.5-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.4-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.3-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.2-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.1-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.12-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.11-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.10-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:19.03.0-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.9-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.8-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.7-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.6-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.5-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.4-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.3-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.2-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.1-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 3:18.09.0-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 18.06.3.ce-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 18.06.2.ce-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 18.06.1.ce-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 18.06.0.ce-3.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 18.03.1.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 18.03.0.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.12.1.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.12.0.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.09.1.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.09.0.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.06.2.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.06.1.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.06.0.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.03.3.ce-1.el7 docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.03.2.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.03.1.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
docker-ce.x86_64 17.03.0.ce-1.el7.centos docker-ce-stable
Available Packages

4、安装docker

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install docker-ce-17.12.0.ce
Loaded plugins: langpacks, ulninfo
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package docker-ce.x86_64 0:17.12.0.ce-1.el7.centos will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: container-selinux >= 2.9 for package: docker-ce-17.12.0.ce-1.el7.centos.x86_64
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Error: Package: docker-ce-17.12.0.ce-1.el7.centos.x86_64 (docker-ce-stable)
Requires: container-selinux >= 2.9
You could try using --skip-broken to work around the problem
You could try running: rpm -Va --nofiles --nodigest

http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/extras/x86_64/Packages/  

下载 container-selinux-2.107-3.el7.noarch  

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rpm -ivh container-selinux-2.107-3.el7.noarch.rpm
warning: container-selinux-2.107-3.el7.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
selinux-policy >= 3.13.1-216.el7 is needed by container-selinux-2:2.107-3.el7.noarch
selinux-policy-base >= 3.13.1-216.el7 is needed by container-selinux-2:2.107-3.el7.noarch
selinux-policy-targeted >= 3.13.1-216.el7 is needed by container-selinux-2:2.107-3.el7.noarch
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum -y install selinux-policy selinux-policy-base selinux-policy-targeted
Loaded plugins: langpacks, ulninfo
Resolving Dependencies

Complete!

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rpm -ivh container-selinux-2.107-3.el7.noarch.rpm
warning: container-selinux-2.107-3.el7.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:container-selinux-2:2.107-3.el7 ################################# [100%]

再来

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# rpm -ivh container-selinux-2.107-3.el7.noarch.rpm
warning: container-selinux-2.107-3.el7.noarch.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:container-selinux-2:2.107-3.el7 ################################# [100%]
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install docker-ce-17.12.0.ce
Loaded plugins: langpacks, ulninfo
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package docker-ce.x86_64 0:17.12.0.ce-1.el7.centos will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

Installed:
docker-ce.x86_64 0:17.12.0.ce-1.el7.centos

Complete!

5、启动并加入开机启动：

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl start docker
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# systemctl enable docker

6、验证docker版本：

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# docker version
Client:
Version: 17.12.0-ce
API version: 1.35
Go version: go1.9.2
Git commit: c97c6d6
Built: Wed Dec 27 20:10:14 2017
OS/Arch: linux/amd64

Server:
Engine:
Version: 17.12.0-ce
API version: 1.35 (minimum version 1.12)
Go version: go1.9.2
Git commit: c97c6d6
Built: Wed Dec 27 20:12:46 2017
OS/Arch: linux/amd64
Experimental: false