Django模型序列化是将Django模型转化为可传输的其他格式(如JSON,XML),以便于在前端或后端之间传递数据。在进行Django模型序列化时,有时需要返回自然主键值,在这里我们来详细讲解如何进行Django模型序列化返回自然主键值。
步骤一:定义Django模型
首先,我们需要定义一个Django模型,这里我们以小说为例。在models.py中添加以下代码:
from django.db import models
class Book(models.Model):
title = models.CharField(max_length=100)
author = models.CharField(max_length=100)
publish_date = models.DateField()
page_count = models.IntegerField()
is_published = models.BooleanField(default=True)
def __str__(self):
return self.title
步骤二:定义序列化器
接下来,我们需要定义一个序列化器,在serializers.py中添加以下代码:
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Book
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = Book
fields = '__all__'
这个序列化器会序列化我们定义的Book模型,并将所有字段都序列化成JSON类字典以便传输。现在,我们需要将自然主键值也加到返回的JSON类字典中。
步骤三:定义Mixin
定义一个自定义mixin,mixin中定义一个get_serializer方法获取序列化器,重写to_representation方法,在其中增加自动添加主键的代码。
from rest_framework import serializers
class AddPKMixin(object):
def get_serializer(self, instance=None, many=False, context=None):
if hasattr(self, 'serializer_class'):
serializer_class = self.serializer_class
elif instance is not None and hasattr(instance, '__class__'):
serializer_class = self.get_serializer_class(instance.__class__)
else:
raise ImproperlyConfigured("Cannot use AddPKMixin with a view that does not have a serializer_class attribute and has no instance.")
kwargs = self.get_serializer_kwargs(instance=instance, context=context)
return serializer_class(instance, many=many, context=context, **kwargs)
def to_representation(self, instance):
ret = super().to_representation(instance)
pk_name = instance._meta.pk.name
ret[pk_name] = getattr(instance, pk_name)
return ret
步骤四:定义View
最后,我们还需要定义一个视图来处理序列化请求,这里我们以ListAPIView为例,示例代码如下:
from rest_framework.generics import ListAPIView
from .models import Book
from .serializers import BookSerializer
from .mixins import AddPKMixin
class BooksListAPIView(AddPKMixin, ListAPIView):
queryset = Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookSerializer
在视图中,我们从AddPKMixin中继承了to_representation方法,该方法会自动在返回的JSON类字典中添加自然主键值。现在,我们可以发送GET请求,请求我们返回所有小说信息及其自然主键值。示例代码如下:
curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/
返回的JSON类字典如下:
[
{
"id": 1,
"title": "The Lord of the Rings",
"author": "J.R.R. Tolkien",
"publish_date": "1954-07-29",
"page_count": 1000,
"is_published": true
},
{
"id": 2,
"title": "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone",
"author": "J.K. Rowling",
"publish_date": "1997-06-26",
"page_count": 223,
"is_published": true
}
]
以上就是Django模型序列化返回自然主键值的完整攻略以及示例代码。
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