开发环境Ubuntu16安装以后的初始化设置

下面是开发环境Ubuntu16安装以后的初始化设置的完整攻略。

一、更新软件包列表

在打开终端窗口后，输入以下命令，更新软件包列表：

sudo apt-get update

示例：更新软件包列表

$ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for user:
Hit:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial InRelease
Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-security InRelease [109 kB]
Hit:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates InRelease
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-backports InRelease [107 kB]
Fetched 216 kB in 0s (312 kB/s)
Reading package lists... Done

二、更新软件包

更新软件包需要一定的时间，输入以下命令，等待更新完成：

sudo apt-get upgrade

示例：更新软件包

$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
Calculating upgrade... Done
The following packages will be upgraded:
  gcc-5-base grub-common grub-pc grub-pc-bin grub2-common libstdc++6 linux-firmware linux-generic
  linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic linux-libc-dev python3.5-minimal ubuntu-core-launcher
  ubuntu-release-upgrader-core
14 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 50.0 MB of archives.
After this operation, 13.1 MB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 

三、安装常用软件

在Ubuntu系统下，常用软件安装可以使用apt-get命令或者图形化软件中心进行安装，具体方法如下：

1.安装vim

sudo apt-get install vim

示例：安装vim

$ sudo apt-get install vim
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  vim
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 729 kB of archives.
After this operation, 3,954 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial-updates/main amd64 vim amd64 2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2 [729 kB]
Fetched 729 kB in 1s (436 kB/s)         
Selecting previously unselected package vim.
(Reading database ... 165064 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../vim_2%3a7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vim (2:7.4.1689-3ubuntu1.2) ...

2.安装git

sudo apt-get install git

示例：安装git

$ sudo apt-get install git
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  git-man liberror-perl
Suggested packages:
  git-daemon-run git-daemon-sysvinit git-doc git-el git-email git-gui gitk gitweb git-arch git-cvs
  git-mediawiki git-svn
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  git git-man liberror-perl
0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 3,624 kB of archives.
After this operation, 22.2 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 

四、更改主题

Ubuntu16默认的主题是Ambiance，用户可以在系统设置中更改主题，或者使用以下命令更改主题：

sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool

安装完成后，在Dash中搜索运行Unity Tweak Tool，并使用该工具进行主题等的调整。

示例：安装并使用Unity Tweak Tool更改主题

$ sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  adwaita-icon-theme colord colord-data dconf-cli dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service fontconfig
  fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core gconf-service gconf-service-backend gconf2 gconf2-common
  gir1.2-appindicator3-0.1 gir1.2-atk-1.0 gir1.2-atspi-2.0 gir1.2-gdkpixbuf-2.0 gir1.2-glib-2.0
  gir1.2-gtk-3.0 gir1.2-ibus-1.0 gir1.2-pango-1.0 gir1.2-xkl-1.0 gsettings-desktop-schemas gtk-update-icon-cache
  humanity-icon-theme indicator-application indicator-appmenu indicator-bluetooth indicator-datetime
  indicator-keyboard indicator-messages indicator-power indicator-printers indicator-session indicator-sound
  libappindicator3-1 libappindicator3-dev libatk1.0-0 libatk1.0-data libatk1.0-dev libatspi2.0-0 libatspi2.0-dev
  libcairo-gobject2 libcairo2 libcairo2-dev libcolord-gtk1 libcolord2 libdatrie1 libfontconfig1 libfontconfig1-dev
  libfontenc1 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common libgdk-pixbuf2.0-dev libgconf-2-4 libgconf2-dev
  libgirepository-1.0-1 libgraphite2-3 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common libgtk-3-dev libharfbuzz-dev
  libharfbuzz-gobject0 libharfbuzz-icu0 libharfbuzz0b libibus-1.0-5 libibus-1.0-dev libjson-glib-1.0-0
  libjson-glib-1.0-common libjson-glib-dev libkeybinder-3.0-0 libkeybinder-dev libpango-1.0-0
  libpango1.0-dev libpangocairo-1.0-0 libpangoft2-1.0-0 libpangox-1.0-0 libpangoxft-1.0-0 libpciaccess0
  libpixman-1-0 libprotobuf-c-dev libprotobuf-c0 libproxy1v5 libsonic0 libthai-data libthai0 libudisks2-0
  libunity-core-6.0-dev libusbmuxd4 libx11-xcb1 libxcb-render0 libxcb-shm0 libxcomposite1 libxcursor1
  libxdamage1 libxinerama1 libxkbcommon-dev libxkbcommon0 libxrandr2 libxrender1 libxtst6 python-gconf
  python-pycurl python-wxtools python-xdg sgml-base shared-mime-info sound-theme-freedesktop udisks2 unity-control-center
  unity-greeter unity-settings-daemon x11-common x11-utils xml-core xserver-common xsltproc xtrans-dev
Suggested packages:
  redhat-config-fonts psfontmgr python-gnomekeyring python-kde4 python-kde5 x11-xfs-utils ttf-dejavu
  ttf-dejavu-core ttf-dejavu-extra fonts-hebrew fonts-arphic-ukai fonts-arphic-uming fonts-nanum
  gnome-color-manager gnome-settings-daemon colord-sensor-argyll colordiff dconf-doc gir1.2-gconf-2.0
  gir1.2-ibus-1.0-doc gir1.2-gtk-3.0-dbg libgtk-3-doc libgtk-3-examples ibus-doc libpango1.0-doc
  libgtk2-perl libgtk2-perl-doc xfs xfonts-cyrillic xfonts-100dpi xfonts-75dpi xfonts-base xfonts-scalable
  exfat-utils opus-tools ttf-mscorefonts-installer libcanberra-gtk3-module libcanberra-gtk-module libqtcore4
  libqtgui4 python-qt4 python-qt5 python-gtk2 python-gtk3 python-wxgtk3.0 python-wxgtk3.0-webview
  python-wxgtk3.0-media python-wxgtk3.0-gl | python-wxgtk3.0-opengl python-xlib x11-xkb-utils
  unity-control-center-datetime unity-control-center-signon unity-control-center-faces
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  adwaita-icon-theme colord colord-data dconf-cli dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service fontconfig
  fontconfig-config fonts-dejavu-core gconf-service gconf-service-backend gconf2 gconf2-common
  gir1.2-appindicator3-0.1 gir1.2-atk-1.0 gir1.2-atspi-2.0 gir1.2-gdkpixbuf-2.0 gir1.2-glib-2.0
  gir1.2-gtk-3.0 gir1.2-ibus-1.0 gir1.2-pango-1.0 gir1.2-xkl-1.0 gsettings-desktop-schemas gtk-update-icon-cache
  humanity-icon-theme indicator-application indicator-appmenu indicator-bluetooth indicator-datetime
  indicator-keyboard indicator-messages indicator-power indicator-printers indicator-session indicator-sound
  libappindicator3-1 libappindicator3-dev libatk1.0-0 libatk1.0-data libatk1.0-dev libatspi2.0-0 libatspi2.0-dev
  libcairo-gobject2 libcairo2 libcairo2-dev libcolord-gtk1 libcolord2 libdatrie1 libfontconfig1 libfontconfig1-dev
  libfontenc1 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-0 libgdk-pixbuf2.0-common libgdk-pixbuf2.0-dev libgconf-2-4 libgconf2-dev
  libgirepository-1.0-1 libgraphite2-3 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common libgtk-3-dev libharfbuzz-dev
  libharfbuzz-gobject0 libharfbuzz-icu0 libharfbuzz0b libibus-1.0-5 libibus-1.0-dev libjson-glib-1.0-0
  libjson-glib-1.0-common libjson-glib-dev libkeybinder-3.0-0 libkeybinder-dev libpango-1.0-0
  libpango1.0-dev libpangocairo-1.0-0 libpangoft2-1.0-0 libpangox-1.0-0 libpangoxft-1.0-0 libpciaccess0
  libpixman-1-0 libprotobuf-c-dev libprotobuf-c0 libproxy1v5 libsonic0 libthai-data libthai0 libudisks2-0
  libunity-core-6.0-dev libusbmuxd4 libx11-xcb1 libxcb-render0 libxcb-shm0 libxcomposite1 libxcursor1
  libxdamage1 libxinerama1 libxkbcommon-dev libxkbcommon0 libxrandr2 libxrender1 libxtst6 python-gconf
  python-pycurl python-wxtools python-xdg sgml-base shared-mime-info sound-theme-freedesktop udisks2 unity-control-center
  unity-greeter unity-settings-daemon unity-tweak-tool x11-common x11-utils xml-core xserver-common xsltproc xtrans-dev
0 upgraded, 117 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 91.1 MB of archives.
After this operation, 354 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 

使用Unity Tweak Tool更改主题：打开Unity Tweak Tool，点击左侧菜单栏的Appearance，找到Themes选项卡，选择你喜欢的主题，点击应用即可。

总结

以上就是开发环境Ubuntu16安装以后的初始化设置的完整攻略。需要注意的是，在操作系统中进行一些基本设置可以提高工作效率，使你更加顺畅地使用操作系统。