禁用上游响应头部功能
Syntax: proxy_ignore_headers field ...; Default: — Context: http, server, location
功能介绍：某些响应头部可以改变nginx的行为，使用proxy_ignore_headers可以禁用他们生效；
可以禁用的头部功能
X-Accel-Redirect：由上游服务器指定在nginx内部重定向，控制请求的执行
X-Accel-Limit-Rate ： 由上游设置发往客户端的速度限制，等同limit_rate指令
X-Accel-Buffering : 由上游控制是否缓存上游的响应
X-Accel-Charset : 由上游控制Content-Type中的Charset
缓存相关：
X-Accel-Expires : 设置响应在nginx的缓存时间，单位秒；@开头表示一天某时刻
Expires：控制nginx缓存时间，优先级低于X-Accel-Expires
Cache-Control:控制nginx缓存时间，优先级低于X-Accel-Expires
Set-Cookie：响应中出现Set-Cookie则不缓存，可通过proxy_ignore_headers禁止生效
Vary：响应中出现Vary：*则不缓存，同样可以禁止生效
转发上游响应指令
Syntax: proxy_hide_header field; Default: — Context: http, server, location
proxy_hide_header 功能:对上游响应中的某些头部，设置不向客户端转发
proxy_hide_header 功能默认不转发的响应包头:
Date ：由ngx_http_header_filter_module过滤模块填写，值为nginx发送响应头部时的时间
server：由ngx_http_header_filter_module过滤模块过滤模块填写，值为nginx版本
X-Pad：通常是Apache为避免浏览器BUG生成的头部，默认忽略
X-Accel-：用于控制nginx行为的响应，不需要向客户端转发
proxy_pass_header : 对于已经被proxy-hide-header的头部，设置向客户端转发
配置
[root@python vhast]# cat shangyou.conf
server {
listen 8011;
default_type text/plain;
return 200 '8011 server response.\n';
}
server {
listen 8012;
default_type text/plain;
root html;
location /{
add_header aaa 'aaaa value'; 添加aaa字段
}
location /test {
return 200 '8012 server response.
uri: $uri
method: $request_method
requset: $request
http_name: $http_name
\n';
}
}
[root@python vhast]# cat upstream.conf
upstream rrups{
#ip_hash;
#hash user_$arg_username;
#server 127.0.0.1:8011;
server 127.0.0.1:8012;
#keepalive 32;
}
server {
#set_real_ip_from 192.168.183.4;
#real_ip_recursive on;
#real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
server_name www.rrups.com;
access_log logs/upstream.log main;
error_log rrups_error.log info;
location /{
#proxy_pass http://rrups/addurl;
proxy_pass http://rrups;
#proxy_hide_header aaa; #没有屏蔽头部aaa字端
#proxy_method POST;
#proxy_pass_request_headers off;
#proxy_pass_request_body off;
#proxy_set_body 'hello world';
#proxy_set_header name '';
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Connection "";
}
}
测试
[root@python vhast]# curl www.rrups.com -I HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.15.9 Date: Wed, 17 Jul 2019 06:41:13 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 612 Connection: keep-alive Last-Modified: Wed, 10 Jul 2019 18:23:02 GMT ETag: "5d262d06-264" aaa: aaaa value # Accept-Ranges: bytes
屏蔽后测试
[root@python vhast]# cat upstream.conf
upstream rrups{
#ip_hash;
#hash user_$arg_username;
#server 127.0.0.1:8011;
server 127.0.0.1:8012;
#keepalive 32;
}
server {
#set_real_ip_from 192.168.183.4;
#real_ip_recursive on;
#real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
server_name www.rrups.com;
access_log logs/upstream.log main;
error_log rrups_error.log info;
location /{
#proxy_pass http://rrups/addurl;
proxy_pass http://rrups;
proxy_hide_header aaa;
#proxy_method POST;
#proxy_pass_request_headers off;
#proxy_pass_request_body off;
#proxy_set_body 'hello world';
#proxy_set_header name '';
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Connection "";
}
}
[root@python vhast]# curl www.rrups.com -I
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx/1.15.9
Date: Wed, 17 Jul 2019 06:43:23 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 612
Connection: keep-alive
Last-Modified: Wed, 10 Jul 2019 18:23:02 GMT
ETag: "5d262d06-264"
Accept-Ranges: bytes
上游服务器头部设置影响下游发送速率
[root@python vhast]# cat shangyou.conf
server {
listen 8011;
default_type text/plain;
return 200 '8011 server response.\n';
}
server {
listen 8012;
default_type text/plain;
root html;
location /{
add_header X-Accel-Limit-Rate 10; #在上游服务器，添加代理服务向客户端每秒发送的字节数
}
location /test {
return 200 '8012 server response.
uri: $uri
method: $request_method
requset: $request
http_name: $http_name
\n';
}
}
测试
[root@python vhast]# curl www.rrups.com -I HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Syntax: proxy_pass_header field; Default: — Context: http, server, location
修改返回的Set-Cookie头部
Syntax: proxy_cookie_domain off; #修改上游服务器的Set-Cookie的指令；修改域名 proxy_cookie_domain domain replacement; Default: proxy_cookie_domain off; Context: http, server, location Syntax: proxy_cookie_path off; # 修改URI部分内容做替换 proxy_cookie_path path replacement; Default: proxy_cookie_path off; Context: http, server, location
修改返回的Location头部
Syntax: proxy_redirect default;
proxy_redirect off;
proxy_redirect redirect replacement;
Default: proxy_redirect default;
Context: http, server, location
上游返回失败时的处理方法
Syntax: proxy_next_upstream error | timeout | invalid_header | http_500 | http_502 | http_503 | http_504 | http_403 | http_404 | http_429 | non_idempotent | off ...; Default: proxy_next_upstream error timeout; Context: http, server, location
前提：没有向客户端发送任何内容
配置： error（网络错误） 、timeout（超时后） 、invalid_header（不合法的header） 、http_ （返回http错误码）、non_idempotent （在上游服务器不能使用这个方法时）、off（）
限制proxy_next_upstream的时间与次数
Syntax: proxy_next_upstream_timeout time; #从请求开始选用上游服务的时间 Default: proxy_next_upstream_timeout 0; Context: http, server, location Syntax: proxy_next_upstream_tries number;# 重试次数 Default: proxy_next_upstream_tries 0; Context: http, server, location
用error_page 拦截上游失败的响应；当上游响应码大于等于300时，将响应返回客户端还是按照error_page指令处理
Syntax: proxy_intercept_errors on | off; Default: proxy_intercept_errors off; Context: http, server, location
不做修改配置
[root@python vhast]# cat shangyou.conf
server {
listen 8011;
default_type text/plain;
return 200 '8011 server response.\n';
}
server {
listen 8012;
default_type text/plain;
root html;
location /{
add_header X-Accel-Limit-Rate 10;
}
location /test {
return 200 '8012 server response.
uri: $uri
method: $request_method
requset: $request
http_name: $http_name
\n';
}
}
server {
listen 8013;
default_type text/plain;
return 500 '8013 server Internal Error.\n';
}
[root@python vhast]# cat proxy_next.conf
upstream ps{
#ip_hash;
#hash user_$arg_username;
server 127.0.0.1:8011;
server 127.0.0.1:8013;
#keepalive 32;
}
server {
#set_real_ip_from 192.168.183.4;
#real_ip_recursive on;
#real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
server_name rrups.com;
access_log logs/upstream.log main;
error_log rrups_error.log info;
location /{
#proxy_pass http://rrups/addurl;
proxy_pass http://ps;
#proxy_hide_header aaa;
#proxy_method POST;
#proxy_pass_request_headers off;
#proxy_pass_request_body off;
#proxy_set_body 'hello world';
#proxy_set_header name '';
#proxy_http_version 1.1;
#proxy_set_header Connection "";
}
location /test {
}
location /error {
proxy_pass http://ps;
proxy_connect_timeout 1s;
proxy_next_upstream off;
}
location /intercept{
proxy_intercept_errors on;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8013;
proxy_next_upstream off;
}
location /httperr {
proxy_next_upstream http_500;
proxy_pass http://ps;
}
}
测试
[root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8013 server Internal Error. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8013 server Internal Error.
修改上游服务器一个端口
[root@python vhast]# cat shangyou.conf
server {
listen 8011;
default_type text/plain;
return 200 '8011 server response.\n';
}
server {
listen 8012;
default_type text/plain;
root html;
location /{
add_header X-Accel-Limit-Rate 10;
}
location /test {
return 200 '8012 server response.
uri: $uri
method: $request_method
requset: $request
http_name: $http_name
\n';
}
}
server {
listen 8013;
default_type text/plain;
return 500 '8013 server Internal Error.\n';
}
[root@python vhast]# vim shangyou.conf
[root@python vhast]# cat shangyou.conf
server {
listen 8011;
default_type text/plain;
return 200 '8011 server response.\n';
}
server {
listen 8012;
default_type text/plain;
root html;
location /{
add_header X-Accel-Limit-Rate 10;
}
location /test {
return 200 '8012 server response.
uri: $uri
method: $request_method
requset: $request
http_name: $http_name
\n';
}
}
server {
listen 8014;吧端口修改
default_type text/plain;
return 500 '8013 server Internal Error.\n';
}
测试
[root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error <html> <head><title>502 Bad Gateway</title></head> <body> <center><h1>502 Bad Gateway</h1></center> <hr><center>nginx/1.15.9</center> </body> </html>
修改配置
[root@python vhast]# cat proxy_next.conf
upstream ps{
#ip_hash;
#hash user_$arg_username;
server 127.0.0.1:8011;
server 127.0.0.1:8013;
#keepalive 32;
}
server {
#set_real_ip_from 192.168.183.4;
#real_ip_recursive on;
#real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
server_name rrups.com;
access_log logs/upstream.log main;
error_log rrups_error.log info;
location /{
#proxy_pass http://rrups/addurl;
proxy_pass http://ps;
#proxy_hide_header aaa;
#proxy_method POST;
#proxy_pass_request_headers off;
#proxy_pass_request_body off;
#proxy_set_body 'hello world';
#proxy_set_header name '';
#proxy_http_version 1.1;
#proxy_set_header Connection "";
}
location /test {
}
location /error {
proxy_pass http://ps;
proxy_connect_timeout 1s;
proxy_next_upstream error; 从off改为error
}
location /intercept{
proxy_intercept_errors on;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8013;
proxy_next_upstream off;
}
location /httperr {
proxy_next_upstream http_500;
proxy_pass http://ps;
}
}
测试
[root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8011 server response.
恢复上游服务器
[root@python vhast]# cat shangyou.conf
server {
listen 8011;
default_type text/plain;
return 200 '8011 server response.\n';
}
server {
listen 8012;
default_type text/plain;
root html;
location /{
add_header X-Accel-Limit-Rate 10;
}
location /test {
return 200 '8012 server response.
uri: $uri
method: $request_method
requset: $request
http_name: $http_name
\n';
}
}
server {
listen 8013;
default_type text/plain;
return 500 '8013 server Internal Error.\n';
}
测试
[root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8013 server Internal Error. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8013 server Internal Error. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/error 8011 server response.
配置
location /httperr {
proxy_next_upstream http_500;
proxy_pass http://ps;
}
[root@python vhast]# cat shangyou.conf
server {
listen 8011;
default_type text/plain;
return 200 '8011 server response.\n';
}
server {
listen 8012;
default_type text/plain;
root html;
location /{
add_header X-Accel-Limit-Rate 10;
}
location /test {
return 200 '8012 server response.
uri: $uri
method: $request_method
requset: $request
http_name: $http_name
\n';
}
}
server {
listen 8013;
default_type text/plain;
return 500 '8013 server Internal Error.\n';
}
测试
[root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/httperr 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/httperr 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/httperr 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/httperr 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/httperr 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/httperr 8011 server response.
修改上游服务器响应码
[root@python vhast]# cat shangyou.conf
server {
listen 8011;
default_type text/plain;
return 200 '8011 server response.\n';
}
server {
listen 8012;
default_type text/plain;
root html;
location /{
add_header X-Accel-Limit-Rate 10;
}
location /test {
return 200 '8012 server response.
uri: $uri
method: $request_method
requset: $request
http_name: $http_name
\n';
}
}
server {
listen 8013;
default_type text/plain;
return 200 '8013 server Internal Error.\n';
}
测试
[root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/httperr 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/httperr 8013 server Internal Error. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/httperr 8011 server response. [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/httperr 8013 server Internal Error.
配置
server {
listen 8013;
default_type text/plain;
return 500 '8013 server Internal Error.\n';
}
[root@python vhast]# cat proxy_next.conf
upstream ps{
#ip_hash;
#hash user_$arg_username;
server 127.0.0.1:8011;
server 127.0.0.1:8013;
#keepalive 32;
}
server {
#set_real_ip_from 192.168.183.4;
#real_ip_recursive on;
#real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
server_name rrups.com;
access_log logs/upstream.log main;
error_log rrups_error.log info;
location /{
#proxy_pass http://rrups/addurl;
proxy_pass http://ps;
#proxy_hide_header aaa;
#proxy_method POST;
#proxy_pass_request_headers off;
#proxy_pass_request_body off;
#proxy_set_body 'hello world';
#proxy_set_header name '';
#proxy_http_version 1.1;
#proxy_set_header Connection "";
}
location /test {
}
location /error {
proxy_pass http://ps;
proxy_connect_timeout 1s;
#proxy_next_upstream error;
}
location /intercept{
proxy_intercept_errors off;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8013;
proxy_next_upstream error;
}
location /httperr {
proxy_next_upstream http_500;
proxy_pass http://ps;
}
}
测试
[root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/intercept -I HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error Server: nginx/1.15.9 Date: Wed, 17 Jul 2019 08:10:13 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 28 Connection: keep-alive
配置
[root@python vhast]# cat shangyou.conf
server {
listen 8011;
default_type text/plain;
return 200 '8011 server response.\n';
}
server {
listen 8012;
default_type text/plain;
root html;
location /{
add_header X-Accel-Limit-Rate 10;
}
location /test {
return 200 '8012 server response.
uri: $uri
method: $request_method
requset: $request
http_name: $http_name
\n';
}
}
server {
listen 8013;
default_type text/plain;
return 500 '8013 server Internal Error.\n';
}
upstream ps{
#ip_hash;
#hash user_$arg_username;
server 127.0.0.1:8011;
server 127.0.0.1:8013;
#keepalive 32;
}
location /error {
proxy_pass http://ps;
proxy_connect_timeout 1s;
#proxy_next_upstream error;
}
error_page 500 /a.txt; 定义上游服务器返回500，用a.txt文件内容返回
location /intercept{
proxy_intercept_errors on;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8013;
#proxy_next_upstream error;
}
location /httperr {
proxy_next_upstream http_500;
proxy_pass http://ps;
}
}
测试
[root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/intercept qwertyuopuughgbbvvbaaa [root@python vhast]# curl rrups.com/intercept -I HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error Server: nginx/1.15.9 Date: Wed, 17 Jul 2019 08:23:49 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 23 Connection: close ETag: "5d28942d-17"
双向认证时的指令
对下游使用证书
Syntax: ssl_certificate file; Default: — Context: http, server Syntax: ssl_certificate_key file; Default: — Context: http, server
验证下游证书
Syntax: ssl_verify_client on | off | optional | optional_no_ca; Default: ssl_verify_client off; Context: http, server Syntax: ssl_client_certificate file; Default: — Context: http, server
对上游使用证书
Syntax: proxy_ssl_certificate file; Default: — Context: http, server, location Syntax: proxy_ssl_certificate_key file; Default: — Context: http, server, location
验证上游的证书
Syntax: proxy_ssl_trusted_certificate file; Default: — Context: http, server, location Syntax: proxy_ssl_verify on | off; Default: proxy_ssl_verify off; Context: http, server, location
ssl 模块提供的变量
安全套件
ssl_cipher:本次通讯选用的安全套件，例如ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
ssl_ciphers:客户端支持的所有安全套件
ssl_protocol:本次通信选用TLS版本，例如TLS1.2
ssl_curves : 客户端支持的椭圆曲线，例如secp384rl:secp521r1
证书
ssl_client_raw_cert：原始客户端证书内容
ssl_client_escaped_cert:返回客户端证书做urlencode 编码后的内容
ssl_client_cert : 对客户端证书每一行内容前加tab制表符，增强可读性
ssl_client_fingerprint:客户端证书的SHA1指纹
证书结构化信息
ssl_server_name: 通过TLS插件SNI获取到的服务域名
ssl_client_i_dn:依据RFC2253获取到证书issuer dn信息，例如：CN=...,O=....,L=....,C=....
ssl_client_i_dn_legacy: 依据RFC2253获取到证书issuer dn信息例如：/C=…/L=…/O=…/CN=…
ssl_client_s_dn: 依据RFC2253获取到证书issuer dn信息例如：CN=…,OU=…,O=…,L=…,ST=…,C=…
ssl_client_s_dn_legacy:同样获取issuer dn信息，格式为：/C=…/ST=…/L=…/O=…/OU=…/CN=…
证书有效期
ssl_client_v_end: 返回客户端证书的过期时间；例如Dec 1 11:56:11 2028 GMT
ssl_client_v_remain: 返回还有多少天客户端证书过期，例如针对上面的ssl_client_v_end其值为3649
ssl_client_v_start : 客户端证书颁发日期；例如 Dec 4 11:56:11 2018 GMT
连接有效性
ssl_client_serial:返回连接客户端证书的序列号，例如8BE947674841BD44
ssl_early_data: 在TLS1.3协议中使用了early data且握手未返回1，则返回空字符串
ssl_client_verify:如果验证失败为FAILED：原因，如果没有验证证书则为NONE，验证成功则为SUCCESS
ssl_session_id:已建立连接的sessionid
ssl_session_reused:如果session被复用（参考session）则为r,否则为.
创建证书操作
创建根证书
创键CA私钥
openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048
制作CA公钥
openssl req -new -x509 -days 3650 -key ca.key -out ca.crt
签发证书
创建私钥
openssl genrsa -out a.pem 1024 openssl rsa -in a.pem -out a.key
生成签发证书请求
openssl req -new -key a.pem -out a.csr
使CA证书进行签发
openssl x509 -req -sha256 -in a.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650 -out a.crt
验证签发证书是否正确
openssl verify -CAfile ca.crt a.crt
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