下面给出使用koa实现大文件分片上传的完整攻略。
什么是大文件分片上传
在前端上传大文件时,由于上传文件大小的限制和网络环境等因素,可能会出现上传失败或上传时间过长等问题。解决这些问题的方法之一就是将大文件进行分片上传,即将大文件划分成多个较小的块,分别上传到服务器上,最后再将这些块合并为原始文件。
实现分片上传的流程
分片上传一般分为以下几个步骤:
- 将文件划分成多个较小的块。
- 将分块上传到服务器上,并记录每个块的上传进度和位置。
- 客户端上传完所有块后向服务器发起合并请求,服务器将所有块按照顺序合并为原始文件。
使用koa实现分片上传
koa是一个基于Node.js平台的Web开发框架,可以轻松实现服务器端的请求响应和路由处理等功能。下面讲解如何使用koa实现前端大文件分片上传。
1.安装koa及其他依赖
在项目根目录下执行以下命令来安装koa、koa-bodyparser等必要的依赖:
$ npm install koa koa-bodyparser -S
2.编写服务端代码
在服务端代码中,我们需要分别处理上传文件、分片上传、合并文件等三个请求。其中创建一个uploads
目录用来存储上传的文件块。
const Koa = require('koa');
const Router = require('koa-router');
const koaBody = require('koa-bodyparser');
const fs = require('fs');
const path = require('path');
const { promisify } = require('util');
const app = new Koa();
// 创建存储上传文件的目录
const uploadDirPath = path.resolve(__dirname, './uploads');
if (!fs.existsSync(uploadDirPath)) {
fs.mkdirSync(uploadDirPath);
}
// 处理上传文件请求
const uploadRouter = new Router();
uploadRouter.post('/upload', async (ctx, next) => {
const { file } = ctx.request.files;
const filePath = path.resolve(uploadDirPath, file.name);
const reader = fs.createReadStream(file.path);
const writer = fs.createWriteStream(filePath);
await promisify(reader.pipe.bind(reader))(writer);
ctx.body = {
success: true,
msg: '上传成功',
};
});
// 处理分片上传请求
const chunkRouter = new Router();
chunkRouter.post('/upload/chunk', async (ctx, next) => {
const { chunk, hash } = ctx.request.body;
const chunkPath = path.resolve(uploadDirPath, hash, chunk.index);
const writer = fs.createWriteStream(chunkPath);
const reader = fs.createReadStream(chunk.path);
await promisify(reader.pipe.bind(reader))(writer);
ctx.body = {
success: true,
msg: '上传成功',
};
});
// 处理合并文件请求
const mergeRouter = new Router();
mergeRouter.post('/merge', async (ctx, next) => {
const { hash, filename } = ctx.request.body;
const baseDirPath = path.resolve(uploadDirPath, hash);
const chunkFilePaths = fs
.readdirSync(baseDirPath)
.filter((file) => file !== filename)
.map((file) => path.resolve(baseDirPath, file));
const chunks = chunkFilePaths.sort((a, b) => {
const aIndex = parseInt(path.basename(a));
const bIndex = parseInt(path.basename(b));
return aIndex - bIndex;
});
const filePath = path.resolve(uploadDirPath, filename);
const writer = fs.createWriteStream(filePath);
for (const chunk of chunks) {
const reader = fs.createReadStream(chunk);
await promisify(reader.pipe.bind(reader))(writer);
}
ctx.body = {
success: true,
msg: '合并成功',
};
});
// 注册路由
app.use(koaBody());
app.use(uploadRouter.routes());
app.use(chunkRouter.routes());
app.use(mergeRouter.routes());
app.listen(3000, () => console.log('Server started on http://localhost:3000'));
3.编写客户端代码
下面给出一个使用axios实现的分片上传客户端示例,该示例将文件划分成固定大小的块进行上传,再在上传完成时请求服务器进行合并。其中需要注意的是在上传文件时需要将文件名和文件类型等信息一并上传。
import axios from 'axios';
async function uploadFile(file) {
const CHUNK_SIZE = 1024 * 1024 * 2; // 将文件划分成大小为2M的块
const TOTAL_CHUNKS = Math.ceil(file.size / CHUNK_SIZE); // 计算总块数
const chunks = []; // 存储分块的上传进度和位置
let uploadedChunks = 0; // 已经上传的块数
let fileHash = ''; // 文件的哈希值,用于识别分块是否属于同一文件
// 计算文件的哈希值
const fileReader = new FileReader();
await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
fileReader.onload = () => {
const { result } = fileReader;
const hashBuffer = new Uint8Array(result);
crypto.subtle.digest('SHA-256', hashBuffer).then((hash) => {
const hashArray = Array.from(new Uint8Array(hash));
const hashHex = hashArray.map((b) => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
fileHash = hashHex;
resolve();
});
};
fileReader.readAsArrayBuffer(file);
});
// 上传分块
for (let i = 0; i < TOTAL_CHUNKS; i++) {
const start = i * CHUNK_SIZE;
const end = Math.min(start + CHUNK_SIZE, file.size);
const chunk = file.slice(start, end);
const formData = new FormData();
formData.append('chunk', chunk);
formData.append('hash', fileHash);
formData.append('index', i);
try {
await axios.post('/upload/chunk', formData);
uploadedChunks++;
chunks[i] = {
uploaded: true,
position: i,
};
} catch (err) {
chunks[i] = {
uploaded: false,
position: i,
};
}
}
// 合并文件
if (uploadedChunks === TOTAL_CHUNKS) {
const formData = new FormData();
formData.append('hash', fileHash);
formData.append('filename', file.name);
try {
await axios.post('/merge', formData);
return {
success: true,
msg: '上传成功',
};
} catch (err) {
return {
success: false,
msg: '上传失败',
};
}
} else {
return {
success: false,
msg: '上传失败',
};
}
}
示例说明
下面给出两个使用koa实现大文件分片上传的示例:
示例一
在koa应用中配置路由,允许用户上传文件,文件名不变,覆盖原有文件。
const Koa = require('koa');
const koaBody = require('koa-bodyparser');
const fs = require('fs');
const path = require('path');
const { promisify } = require('util');
const app = new Koa();
app.use(koaBody());
// 文件上传
app.post('/upload', async (ctx, next) => {
const { file } = ctx.request.files;
const filePath = path.resolve(__dirname, './uploads', file.name);
const reader = fs.createReadStream(file.path);
const writer = fs.createWriteStream(filePath);
await promisify(reader.pipe.bind(reader))(writer);
ctx.body = {
success: true,
msg: '上传成功',
};
});
app.listen(3000);
客户端代码为:
async function uploadFile(file) {
const CHUNK_SIZE = 1024 * 1024 * 2; // 将文件划分成大小为2M的块
const formData = new FormData();
formData.append('file', file);
try {
await axios.post('/upload', formData);
return {
success: true,
msg: '上传成功',
};
} catch (err) {
return {
success: false,
msg: '上传失败',
};
}
}
示例二
在koa应用中配置路由,允许用户上传文件,将文件划分成大小为1M的块进行上传,在上传完成时请求服务器进行合并,合并后的文件名为filename
+当前日期时间戳。
const Koa = require('koa');
const Router = require('koa-router');
const koaBody = require('koa-bodyparser');
const fs = require('fs');
const path = require('path');
const { promisify } = require('util');
const app = new Koa();
const router = new Router();
const uploadDirPath = path.resolve(__dirname, './uploads');
// 创建存储上传文件的目录
if (!fs.existsSync(uploadDirPath)) {
fs.mkdirSync(uploadDirPath);
}
// 分块上传
router.post('/upload', async (ctx, next) => {
const { file } = ctx.request.files;
const fileHash = crypto.randomUUID();
const fileChunks = Math.ceil(file.size / (1024 * 1024)); // 将文件划分成大小为1M的块
const chunks = [];
let uploadedChunks = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < fileChunks; i++) {
const start = i * 1024 * 1024;
const end = (i + 1) * 1024 * 1024 > file.size ? file.size : (i + 1) * 1024 * 1024;
const chunk = file.slice(start, end);
const chunkName = `${file.name}-${fileHash}-${i}`;
const chunkPath = path.resolve(uploadDirPath, chunkName);
const writer = fs.createWriteStream(chunkPath);
const reader = fs.createReadStream(chunk);
await promisify(reader.pipe.bind(reader))(writer);
uploadedChunks++;
chunks.push(chunkName);
}
ctx.body = {
success: true,
data: {
fileHash,
chunks,
uploadedChunks,
},
};
});
// 合并文件
router.post('/merge', async (ctx, next) => {
const { fileHash, filename, chunks } = ctx.request.body;
const filePath = path.resolve(uploadDirPath, `${filename}-${new Date().getTime()}`);
const writeStream = fs.createWriteStream(filePath);
for (const chunk of chunks) {
const chunkPath = path.resolve(uploadDirPath, chunk);
const readStream = fs.createReadStream(chunkPath);
await promisify(readStream.pipe.bind(readStream))(writeStream);
fs.unlink(chunkPath, (err) => {}); // 删除分块
}
ctx.body = {
success: true,
msg: '上传成功',
};
});
app.use(koaBody());
app.use(router.routes());
app.listen(3000);
客户端代码为:
async function uploadFile(file) {
const formData = new FormData();
formData.append('file', file);
try {
// 分块上传
const res = await axios.post('/upload', formData);
const { data } = res;
if (data.uploadedChunks === data.chunks.length) {
// 如果所有分块均已上传,则进行合并
const mergeFormData = new FormData();
mergeFormData.append('fileHash', data.fileHash);
mergeFormData.append('filename', file.name);
mergeFormData.append('chunks', JSON.stringify(data.chunks));
await axios.post('/merge', mergeFormData);
return {
success: true,
msg: '上传成功',
};
} else {
return {
success: false,
msg: '上传失败',
};
}
} catch (err) {
return {
success: false,
msg: '上传失败',
};
}
}
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