Java 实现有限状态机的推荐方案分享
有限状态机(Finite State Machine,FSM)是一种计算模型,它可以使用有限个状态和它们之间的转移,来描述一个系统在不同状态下的行为。在软件开发中,常常需要使用有限状态机来解决复杂问题,比如网络协议解析、报文处理、游戏逻辑等。
本文将介绍 Java 实现有限状态机的一些推荐方案,并提供了两条示例说明,供读者参考。
1. Java FSM 框架
在 Java 中,有许多开源的 FSM 框架,它们可以帮助我们快速地实现 FSM。其中,最常用的是 Stateless 框架。
Stateless 是一个轻量级的 FSM 框架,它支持多种状态和转换条件,并允许我们将不同的转换结果映射到不同的操作中。它的主要特点包括:
- 支持并发状态机;
- 支持条件和嵌套状态;
- 采用 Builder 模式进行状态机的构建;
- 提供了 Fluent API,使状态机的定义更加清晰。
下面是一个简单的示例,演示了如何使用 Stateless 实现一个 TCP 连接状态机:
public enum TcpState {
CLOSED,
LISTEN,
SYN_SENT,
SYN_RCVD,
ESTABLISHED,
FIN_WAIT_1,
FIN_WAIT_2,
CLOSE_WAIT,
CLOSING,
LAST_ACK,
TIME_WAIT
}
StateMachine<TcpState, TcpEvent> fsm = StateMachine.<TcpState, TcpEvent>builder()
.initialState(TcpState.CLOSED)
.state(TcpState.CLOSED)
.permit(TcpEvent.OPEN, TcpState.LISTEN)
.state(TcpState.LISTEN)
.permit(TcpEvent.SEND, TcpState.SYN_SENT)
.state(TcpState.SYN_SENT)
.permit(TcpEvent.RECEIVE_SYN, TcpState.SYN_RCVD)
.permit(TcpEvent.CLOSE, TcpState.CLOSED)
.state(TcpState.SYN_RCVD)
.permit(TcpEvent.SEND_ACK, TcpState.ESTABLISHED)
.permit(TcpEvent.CLOSE, TcpState.FIN_WAIT_1)
.state(TcpState.ESTABLISHED)
.permit(TcpEvent.SEND, TcpState.ESTABLISHED)
.permit(TcpEvent.RECEIVE, TcpState.ESTABLISHED)
.permit(TcpEvent.CLOSE, TcpState.FIN_WAIT_1)
.state(TcpState.FIN_WAIT_1)
.permit(TcpEvent.RECEIVE_ACK, TcpState.FIN_WAIT_2)
.permit(TcpEvent.CLOSE, TcpState.CLOSING)
.state(TcpState.FIN_WAIT_2)
.permit(TcpEvent.RECEIVE_FIN, TcpState.TIME_WAIT)
.permit(TcpEvent.RECEIVE_ACK, TcpState.TIME_WAIT)
.permit(TcpEvent.CLOSE, TcpState.TIME_WAIT)
.state(TcpState.CLOSE_WAIT)
.permit(TcpEvent.SEND, TcpState.CLOSE_WAIT)
.permit(TcpEvent.CLOSE, TcpState.LAST_ACK)
.state(TcpState.CLOSING)
.permit(TcpEvent.RECEIVE_ACK, TcpState.TIME_WAIT)
.state(TcpState.LAST_ACK)
.permit(TcpEvent.RECEIVE_ACK, TcpState.CLOSED)
.state(TcpState.TIME_WAIT)
.permit(TcpEvent.TIMEOUT, TcpState.CLOSED)
.build();
fsm.fire(TcpEvent.OPEN);
fsm.fire(TcpEvent.SEND);
fsm.fire(TcpEvent.RECEIVE_SYN);
fsm.fire(TcpEvent.SEND_ACK);
fsm.fire(TcpEvent.RECEIVE);
fsm.fire(TcpEvent.CLOSE);
在上述代码中,我们首先定义了一个 TCP 状态机的状态和转移条件,然后通过 StateMachine 的 fire
方法来触发状态的转换。
2. Java 实现 FSM:状态模式
除了使用框架之外,我们还可以通过状态模式来实现 FSM。状态模式是一种设计模式,它将不同的状态抽象成独立的类,通过不同的状态类来表示不同的状态,并由一个上下文类来控制状态的转移。
下面是一个示例,演示了如何使用状态模式来实现一个咖啡机状态机:
public class CoffeeMachineContext {
private CoffeeMachineState state;
public CoffeeMachineContext() {
state = new NoCoinState();
}
public void insertCoin() {
state = state.insertCoin(this);
}
public void returnCoin() {
state = state.returnCoin(this);
}
public void turnCrank() {
state = state.turnCrank(this);
}
public void dispense() {
state = state.dispense(this);
}
// other methods
}
public interface CoffeeMachineState {
CoffeeMachineState insertCoin(CoffeeMachineContext context);
CoffeeMachineState returnCoin(CoffeeMachineContext context);
CoffeeMachineState turnCrank(CoffeeMachineContext context);
CoffeeMachineState dispense(CoffeeMachineContext context);
}
public class NoCoinState implements CoffeeMachineState {
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState insertCoin(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("Inserting coin...");
return new HasCoinState();
}
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState returnCoin(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("You haven't inserted a coin");
return this;
}
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState turnCrank(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("You turned, but there's no coin");
return this;
}
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState dispense(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("You need to pay first");
return this;
}
}
public class HasCoinState implements CoffeeMachineState {
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState insertCoin(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("You can't insert another coin");
return this;
}
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState returnCoin(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("Coin returned");
return new NoCoinState();
}
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState turnCrank(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("You turned...");
return new DispensingState();
}
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState dispense(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("You need to turn the crank");
return this;
}
}
public class DispensingState implements CoffeeMachineState {
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState insertCoin(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("Please wait, we're already giving you a coffee");
return this;
}
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState returnCoin(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("Sorry, you already turned the crank");
return this;
}
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState turnCrank(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("Turning twice doesn't get you another coffee");
return this;
}
@Override
public CoffeeMachineState dispense(CoffeeMachineContext context) {
System.out.println("A coffee is dispensed");
return new NoCoinState();
}
}
在上述代码中,我们定义了 CoffeeMachineContext
类作为状态的上下文,具有四个方法分别表示不同操作;定义了 CoffeeMachineState
接口表示不同状态,并实现了三个不同的状态:NoCoinState
、HasCoinState
和 DispensingState
。
总结
本文介绍了两种 Java 实现 FSM 的方法:使用 FSM 框架和使用状态模式。 FSM 框架可以快速实现 FSM,但对于更加灵活的应用场景可能不够方便。状态模式可以自定义各种状态,并且可以更加精细地控制状态的转换过程。
本站文章如无特殊说明,均为本站原创,如若转载,请注明出处:Java实现有限状态机的推荐方案分享 - Python技术站